s = "foo bar"
s = 'foo bar'
s = r"c:\dir\new"                     # raw (== 'c:\\dir\\new')
s = """Hello
 world"""
s.join(" baz")
n = len(s)
"Ala ma {} psy i {} koty".format(2,3)
"Square root of 2 is equal to {:.2f}".format(math.sqrt(2))

L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
L[0]                                  # single position
L[0:3]                                # the first three elements
L[-2:]                                # the last two elements
L[1:4] = [7,8]                        # substitute
del L[2]                              # remove elements
L.append(x)                           # x is a value
L.remove(x)
L.extend(L2)                          # or: L3 = L + L2
L.pop()                               # simple stack (with append)
L.sort()
x in L                                # does L contain x?
L.index(x)                            # index of the first occurrence
[x*2 for x in L if x>2]               # list comprehensions

x = 1,2,3
x = (1,2,3)
x[1]
a,b,c = x

D = {'f1': 10, 'f2': 20}              # dict creation
D = dict(f1=10, f2=20)

keys = ('a', 'b', 'c')
D = dict.fromkeys(keys)               # new dict with empty values

for k in D: print(k)                  # keys
for v in D.values(): print(v)         # values
for k, v in D.items():                # tuples with keys and values
list(D.keys())                        # list of keys
sorted(D.keys())                      # sorted list of keys

D = {}
D[(1,8,5)] = 100                      # 3D sparse matrix
D.get((1,8,5))
D.get((1,1,1), -1)

S = {1,3,5}
L = [1, 3, 1, 5, 3]
S = set(L)                            # set([1, 3, 5])
if (3 in S):
S1+S2, S1-S2, S1^S2, S1|S2

for x in range(6):                    # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
for x in range(1,6):                  # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
for x in range(1,6,2):                # 1, 3, 5

for k,v in D.items():
    print("D[{}]={}".format(k,v))     # D[f1]=10  D[f2]=20

L = [1, 3, 5]
for i,v in enumerate(L):              # (index,value)
for x,y in zip(L1,L2):                # returns tuples
for i in sorted(set(L)): print(i)     # sorted set from a list
for x in reversed(L1):

def foo(arg1, *args, **dic):
  """Example documentation string.

 This function does not do anything special.
 """
  # arg1 is a positional argument
  # args is a list
  # dic is a dictionary of named arguments

def foo(a,b,c=0):
L = [1, 2, 3]
foo(*L)                               # unpacking a list of arguments
D = {'a': 10, 'b': 20}
foo(**D)                              # unpacking a dictionary of arguments

foo.__doc__                           # the docstring

str(x)                                # human readable representation
repr(x)                               # interpretable representation

f = open("test.txt", "w")             # r / r+ / rb / rb+ / w / wb
f.write("Ala ma kota\n")
f.close()

for line in open("test.txt"): print(line, end="")

L = open("test.txt").readlines()      # returns a list of lines

f = os.fdopen(os.open("test.txt", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXCL), "w")

x = raw_input("Name: ")
for line in sys.stdin: print(line)

from StringIO import StringIO
buf = StringIO()
sys.stdout = buf
print("Hello")
x = buf.getvalue()

print("Error!", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)

os.rename(from, to)                  os.remove(path)
os.chmod(file, 0700)                 os.stat(file)

`__name__`

name of the file being run not imported

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("Do something)

try:
    raise TypeError("arg")
except (RuntimeError, NameError):
    pass                              # empty instruction (NOP)
except:
    info = sys.exc_info()
    print(info[0])
    print(info[1])
    traceback.print_tb(info[2])
    raise
else:
    ...                               # no exception but before finally
finally:                              # on the way out
    ...                               # unhandled exc, release resources

class Person:
    ID = 0                            # static variable
    def __init__(self, name, age=0):
        self.name = name
        self.age  = age
        Person.ID += 1
        self.ID = Person.ID
    def lastName(self):
        return self.name.split()[-1]
    def __str__(self):
        return "{}({},{})".format(self.__class__.__name__,
                                  self.name, self.age)

class Worker(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, position, age=0):
        super().__init__(name, age)
        self.position = position
    def __str__(self):
        return "{}({},{},{})".format(self.__class__.__name__,
                                   self.name, self.position, self.age)

bob = Worker("Bob Smith", "developer", 25)
print(bob)

Q = collections.deque([10,20,30])
Q.append(40)
Q.popleft()

f = open("myobj.dat", "w")
pickle.dump(x, f)
f = open("myobj.dat", "r")
x = pickle.load(f)

conn = sqlite3.connect("data.db")
c = conn.cursor()
c.execute("SELECT * FROM employees")
for row in c:
    print(row[0])
conn.commit()
conn.close()

db = shelve.open("file")
db["x"] = y
db.close()

form = cgi.FieldStorage()
print("Content-type: text/html\n")
print(cgi.escape(form["user"].value))

srvraddr = ("", 8080)                 # my hostname, portnumber
srvrobj  = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(srvraddr,
                                     CGIHTTPServer.CGIHTTPRequestHandler)
srvrobj.serve_forever()

conn = urllib.urlopen("http://localhost:8080")
reply = conn.read()

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: latin-2 -*-

PYTHONPATH
export PYTHONSTARTUP=~/.pythonrc.py

sys.argv      sys.stdin       sys.stdout      sys.stderr
sys.path      sys.platform    sys.version

res = subprocess.call(["hostname","-f"], stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
res = subprocess.call("ps axu | grep ^root", shell=True)
output = subprocess.check_output(["mycmd", "myarg"],universal_newlines=True)

os.pathsep    os.sep          os.pardir       os.curdir       os.linesep
os.startfile("index.html")
os.popen("ps ax").readlines()
os.listdir("/usr/local")              # ['bin', 'etc', ...]
os.glob("*.txt")                      # ['test.txt', 'out.txt', ...]

os.path.split("/usr/bin/go.sh")       # ('/usr/bin', 'go.sh')
os.path.join("/usr/bin", "go.sh")     # '/usr/bin/go.sh'
os.path.splitext("/usr/bin/go.sh")    # ('/usr/bin/go', '.sh')
os.path.abspath("../bin/go.sh")       # '/usr/bin/go.sh'
os.path.isfile("go.sh")

os.environ.get("PYTHONSTARTUP")

for (dir, subdirs, files) in os.walk("/tmp"):
    for f in files: print(f)

f = lambda x: x+10                    # creates an anonymous function
f(5)                                  # returns 15
L = [1, 4, 7]
for x in filter(lambda i: i<5, L):    # returns [1, 4]
for x in map(lambda: x: x*2, L):      # returns [2, 8, 14]